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Covid-19 Pseudovirus Services
RayBiotech's COVID-19 pseudovirus service enables the study of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in cell culture. This service is ideal for screening patient serum for neutralizing antibodies and validating inhibitors of the Spike-ACE2 interaction.
Covid-19 Biology 101

Covid-19 Proteins
The outside of the SARS-CoV-2 viral particle is composed of 4 main proteins: spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), and nucleocapsid (N) protein.1 The S protein is required for the virus to enter human cells.

Viral Entry
The virus enters the cell through interactions with transmembrane proteins ACE2 and TMPRSS2.2
Besides being expressed on the surface of cells, ACE2 is also found in the lung, small intestine, and adipose tissue.3

Immune Response
SARS-CoV-2 can trigger a "cytokine storm" in the lungs, characterized by a rapid, simultaneous release of several inflammatory proteins.4 This could explain tissue and organ damage that occurs during Covid-19.

Covid-19 Diagnosis
Antibodies, viral load, and clinical symptoms determine COVID-19 status. Physicians use two tests to achieve an accurate diagnosis: nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) that include qPCR tests and antigen tests.5
Achieve your objectives faster with custom testing services
Whether you’re short on time, short on resources, or just need a trusted expert to complete a stage in your research, we’ve got you covered. With our comprehensive suite of services, we’re excited to help you move your research and discovery studies forward.
Here are some of the top services that complement our Covid-19 products.
Quantitative Proteomics Services
Our experienced service department can quantitatively detect up to 1200 human, 640 mouse, 282 rat, 50 porcine, and 30 bovine proteins with our GLP-certified Quantibody® Multiplex ELISA platform.
Benefits:
- Trust your findings with our automated slide processing system and careful, thorough data analysis that ensures efficient, high-quality, reproducible results.
- Save money and run more tests with the Quantibody® Multiplex ELISA Array. More cost-effective than traditional ELISA!
- Enjoy limitless customizations with assays suitable for diverse sample types.
- Get more out of your samples with low sample volume requirements.
- Confidently review your full report, complete with raw data and step-by-step calculations giving you insight into exactly what we did.
Curious how our quantitative proteomics services can help your labs?
Discovery Proteomics Services
The discovery proteomics process allows for the identification of key proteins across multiple pathways and biological processes while minimizing time and effort. Once identified, these proteins can be verified and validated in a larger number of samples.
Design principles and service options:
- Our assays can identify up to 6000 human, 1308 mouse, 1500 rat, 50 porcine, 30 bovine, or 500 rabbit proteins.
- We offer two different types of array designs and can help you choose the best platform for your study needs:
- Label-based platform for screening a large number of targets.
We directly conjugate biotin to the proteins in your sample and detect proteins that bind to the array using a streptavidin-conjugated fluor. Because only a single antibody is used—the antibody immobilized to the slide—there is no need to optimize capture-detection antibody pairs, which removes a major constraint on array size.
- Sandwich-based platform for sensitive detection.
These arrays use a typical sandwich-ELISA design, where capture antibodies are printed on the slide and sample incubated with the array. Bound sample is detected by a cocktail of biotinylated detection antibodies and visualized by a streptavidin-conjugated fluor.
- Label-based platform for screening a large number of targets.
Want to see how our discovery proteomics services can advance your research?
Small Molecules / Inhibitors
Name | Catalog # | CAS # | Target Candidate |
---|---|---|---|
Arbidol HCl | 331-11756 | 131707-23-8 | Viral spike glycoprotein for binding to host cell receptor ACE2 |
Ritonavir | 331-11642 | 155213-67-5 | HIV Protease |
Lopinavir | 331-11643 | 192725-17-0 | Coronavirus main protease 3CLpro |
Darunavir | 331-11645 | 206361-99-1 | HIV Protease |
Ribavirin | 331-10301 | 36791-04-5 | RNA-dependent RNA polymerase |
Chloroquine diphosphate | 331-11962 | 54-05-7 | Malaria (endosome/ACE2) |
Nitazoxanide | 331-11871 | 55981-09-4 | Viral protein expression |
Camostat mesilate | 332-10779 | 59721-29-8 | Transmembrane protease, serine 2, primes S protein to facilitate its binding to ACE2 |
Hydroxychloroquine Sulfate | 331-21357 | 747-36-4 | Malaria (endosome/ACE2) |
Baricitinib Phosphate | 332-10769 | 1187595-84-1 | JAK kinase that regulate the inflammatory processes |
Publication Highlight: Researchers Trick Covid-19 with a Lung Spheroid Cell Decoy
Exploiting SARS-CoV-2’s use of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for host cell entry, Zhenhua, et al., (Nat Nanotechnol. 2021 Aug;16(8):942-95) created lung spheroid cell (LSC) membrane nanovesicles coated with ACE2 to act as “nanodecoys” for virus binding. Since the LSC-nanodecoys bind to the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein, they can compete with cell surface ACE2 for extracellular virus, generating LSC-nanodecoy-SARS-CoV-2 complexes that trigger a phagocytic response and viral elimination.
As a result, the LSC-nanodecoy may be able to prevent viral spread and mitigate damaging long-term effects of infection.
Furthermore, unlike SARS-CoV-2 variants that constantly mutate, ACE2 receptors on human host cells remain constant and unchanging, making this research particularly promising for treating Covid-19 throughout SARS-CoV-2 evolutions.
Zhenhua et al. used RayBiotech’s Mouse Cytokine Array C1000 to quickly and efficiently analyze their blood samples.

Cytokine array analysis of various inflammatory cytokines (j) in the serum 3 d after treatment: control (f), LSC-nanodecoy (g), SARS-CoV-2 mimic (h) and SARS-CoV-2 mimic plus LSC-decoy (i). IFN-γ, interferon γ; IL, interleukin; M-CSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor; POS, positive control; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α.
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References
- Astuti I, Ysrafil. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): An overview of viral structure and host response. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(4):407-412. doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.020
- Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Cell.2020;181(2):271-280.e8. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052
- Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 cell receptor gene ACE2 in a wide variety of human tissues | Infectious Diseases of Poverty | Full Text. Accessed September 16, 2022. https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-020-00662-x
- Zhao M. Cytokine storm and immunomodulatory therapy in COVID-19: Role of chloroquine and anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibodies. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55(6):105982. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105982
- CDC. COVID-19 and Your Health. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Published February 11, 2020. Accessed September 16, 2022.https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/testing.html